DOS TUBARÕES E DE SUAS TÁCTICAS: TECTONIC SURGE ....LOW TIDE ...VIRAL SURGE IN HIGH ....NEW VIRUS ARE IN NEED .....caulimoviruses (also called pararetroviruses) have been identified in plant genomes since the late 1990s8. Like retroviruses, caulimoviruses replicate via reverse transcription, and they may have originated from the fusion of a retrotransposon with an envelope (env)-like gene derived from a distinct virus Unlike retroviruses, however, plant caulimoviruses possess a doublestranded DNA genome, and they do not normally integrate into the host chromosome.....POTENTIAL FOR NEW VIRAL EVOLUTION IN AFRICA ....PLANT VIRUS ANIMAL VIRUS IS A NEW AND GREAT VIRUS SURGE ...NEW HOSTS ARE REQUIRED PLESE

Wednesday, September 3, 2014

TECTONIC SURGE ....LOW TIDE ...VIRAL SURGE IN HIGH ....NEW VIRUS ARE IN NEED .....caulimoviruses (also called pararetroviruses) have been identified in plant genomes since the late 1990s8. Like retroviruses, caulimoviruses replicate via reverse transcription, and they may have originated from the fusion of a retrotransposon with an envelope (env)-like gene derived from a distinct virus Unlike retroviruses, however, plant caulimoviruses possess a doublestranded DNA genome, and they do not normally integrate into the host chromosome.....POTENTIAL FOR NEW VIRAL EVOLUTION IN AFRICA ....PLANT VIRUS ANIMAL VIRUS IS A NEW AND GREAT VIRUS SURGE ...NEW HOSTS ARE REQUIRED PLESE

THE CALIPH SAYS PUT IN SOME NEW HOSTS WITH THIS LONELY VIRUS PLEASE

GOOD BAR DAR BUNGA-BUNGA

BAR DAR LOTS OF HEADS IN BALI

THAT IS A GOOD TIME FOR BAR'S JOBS AND HEAD JOBS

AND STEPHEN JOBS ...

IN A JOBLESS WORLD

THIS NEW SURGE ARE GOOD NEWS ...

3 comments:

São Canhões? Sabem mesmo a manteiga...September 3, 2014 at 2:01 PM
Group II/ssDNA Circoviridae Mammals 1 to 2 4,20,130
Group II/ssDNA Geminiviridae Tomentosae (tobacco and
three other species)
5 to 120 130–132
Group II/ssDNA Parvoviridae Mammals; shrimp
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The discovery of a wide range of non-retroviral EVEs suggests that almost any major type of eukaryotic virus may be endogenized, sometimes in multiple hosts Table 1 | EVEs identified in eukaryotic genomes Group/type Family or genus Taxa Number per haploid genome Refs Group I/dsDNA Baculovirus Insects Unknown (hybridization data, no sequencing) 124 Group I/dsDNA Herpesviridae Humans 1 125,126 Group I/dsDNA Nudivirus Parasitic wasps Several 127 Group I/dsDNA Phycodnaviridae Brown algae 1 128,129 Group II/ssDNA Circoviridae Mammals 1 to 2 4,20,130 Group II/ssDNA Geminiviridae Tomentosae (tobacco and three other species) 5 to 120 130–132 Group II/ssDNA Parvoviridae Mammals; shrimp 1 to 3 4,20,89, 133,134 Group III/dsRNA Partitiviridae Plants; arthropods; Protozoa 1 to 4 135 Group III/dsRNA Reovirus Aedes spp. mosquitoes 1 4 Group III/dsRNA Totiviridae Fungi; plants; ticks 1 to 6 16,135,136 Group IV/+ssRNA Dicistroviridae Honeybees 1 137 Group IV/+ssRNA Flaviviridae Medaka fish; mosquitoes 1 to 4 4,21,138, 139 Group IV/+ssRNA Potyviridae Grapes Several 140 Group V/–ssRNA Bornaviridae Vertebrates 1 to 17 4,21,17 Group V/–ssRNA Bunyaviridae Ticks 14 4 Group V/–ssRNA Filoviridae Mammals 1 to 13 4,21,141 Group V/–ssRNA Nyavirus Zebrafish 6 21 Group V/–ssRNA Orthomyxoviridae Ticks 1 4 Group V/–ssRNA Rhabdoviridae Insects (ticks and mosquitoes) 1 to 28 4 Group VI/ssRNA-RT Retroviridae Vertebrates Several hundreds to several hundreds of thousands 36 Group VII/dsDNA-RT Hepadnavirus Passerine birds 15 4,19 Group VII/dsDNA-RT Pararetrovirus Plants A dozen to a thousand 8,11 +, positive sense; –, negative sense; RT, reverse transcriptase. REVIEWS 284 | APRIL 2012 | VOLUME 13 www.nature.com/reviews/genetics © 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved hal-00679842, version 1 - 16 Mar 2012 Zoonotic Describes a virus that can be transmitted between animals and humans or vice versa. Mutational saturation A given site in a DNA sequence is saturated when the number of observed or inferred mutations is lower than the number of mutations that truly occurred at this site. independently and over wide evolutionary periods4 (TABLE 1). These findings also reveal that some viruses have had and may still have a much broader host range than was previously appreciated. For example, endogenous hepadnaviruses19 and filoviruses21 have been found in passerine birds and marsupials, respectively, which are thus far not known to be infected by these viruses. The discovery of EVEs may also be helpful to identify candidate reservoir species of zoonotic viruses LIKE EBOLA UND SO WEITERSeptember 3, 2014 at 2:07 PM
Most exogenous viruses are characterized
by extremely rapid substitution rates that are often
three to six orders of magnitude faster than those of their
host30. Typically, viral substitution rates are calculated
using samples of modern viruses that have circulated
over short periods of time spanning tens or hundreds
of years (see the figure in BOX 2). The discovery of EVE
sequences that are fossilized in genomes for millions of
years but that are still related to and directly alignable to
those of modern viruses offers an opportunity to derive
viral substitution rates on a much deeper timescale
(BOX 2). Surprisingly, such long-term viral substitution
rates are considerably slower than short-term rates estimated
using only modern viral sequences. For example,
in the case of hepadnaviruses and begomoviruses, longterm
substitution rates were found to be two to three
orders of magnitude slower than short-term rates19,31. At
first glance, it is tempting to explain this discrepancy by
the fact that the substitution rate of EVEs dramatically
plummets following endogenization, as EVE sequences
become subject to the much slower mutation rate of
the host genome (see the figure in BOX 2). However this
‘mutational freezing’ of the EVE sequence at the time
of endogenization has essentially no bearing on the calculation
of long-term viral rate because the number of
substitutions accumulated at the host rate
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